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word = UTF8::strtolower($word); $this->plainVowels = implode('', self::$vowels); $this->step0(); $this->rv(); $this->r1(); $this->r2(); // to know if step1, 2a or 2b have altered the word $this->originalWord = $this->word; $nextStep = $this->step1(); // Do step 2a if either no ending was removed by step 1, or if one of endings amment, emment, ment, ments was found. if ( ($nextStep == 2) || ($this->originalWord == $this->word) ) { $modified = $this->step2a(); if (!$modified) { $this->step2b(); } } if ($this->word != $this->originalWord) { $this->step3(); } else { $this->step4(); } $this->step5(); $this->step6(); $this->finish(); return $this->word; } /** * Assume the word is in lower case. * Then put into upper case u or i preceded and followed by a vowel, and y preceded or followed by a vowel. * u after q is also put into upper case. For example, * jouer -> joUer * ennuie -> ennuIe * yeux -> Yeux * quand -> qUand */ private function step0() { $this->word = preg_replace('#([q])u#u', '$1U', $this->word); $this->word = preg_replace('#(['.$this->plainVowels.'])y#u', '$1Y', $this->word); $this->word = preg_replace('#y(['.$this->plainVowels.'])#u', 'Y$1', $this->word); $this->word = preg_replace('#(['.$this->plainVowels.'])u(['.$this->plainVowels.'])#u', '$1U$2', $this->word); $this->word = preg_replace('#(['.$this->plainVowels.'])i(['.$this->plainVowels.'])#u', '$1I$2', $this->word); } /** * Step 1 * Search for the longest among the following suffixes, and perform the action indicated. * * @return integer Next step number */ private function step1() { // ance iqUe isme able iste eux ances iqUes ismes ables istes // delete if in R2 if ( ($position = $this->search(array('ances', 'iqUes', 'ismes', 'ables', 'istes', 'ance', 'iqUe','isme', 'able', 'iste', 'eux'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } return 3; } // atrice ateur ation atrices ateurs ations // delete if in R2 // if preceded by ic, delete if in R2, else replace by iqU if ( ($position = $this->search(array('atrices', 'ateurs', 'ations', 'atrice', 'ateur', 'ation'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); if ( ($position2 = $this->searchIfInR2(array('ic'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position2); } else { $this->word = preg_replace('#(ic)$#u', 'iqU', $this->word); } } return 3; } // logie logies // replace with log if in R2 if ( ($position = $this->search(array('logies', 'logie'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(logies|logie)$#u', 'log', $this->word); } return 3; } // usion ution usions utions // replace with u if in R2 if ( ($position = $this->search(array('usions', 'utions', 'usion', 'ution'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(usion|ution|usions|utions)$#u', 'u', $this->word); } return 3; } // ence ences // replace with ent if in R2 if ( ($position = $this->search(array('ences', 'ence'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(ence|ences)$#u', 'ent', $this->word); } return 3; } // issement issements // delete if in R1 and preceded by a non-vowel if ( ($position = $this->search(array('issements', 'issement'))) != false) { if ($this->inR1($position)) { $before = $position - 1; $letter = UTF8::substr($this->word, $before, 1); if (! in_array($letter, self::$vowels)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } } return 3; } // ement ements // delete if in RV // if preceded by iv, delete if in R2 (and if further preceded by at, delete if in R2), otherwise, // if preceded by eus, delete if in R2, else replace by eux if in R1, otherwise, // if preceded by abl or iqU, delete if in R2, otherwise, // if preceded by ièr or Ièr, replace by i if in RV if ( ($position = $this->search(array('ements', 'ement'))) !== false) { // delete if in RV if ($this->inRv($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } // if preceded by iv, delete if in R2 (and if further preceded by at, delete if in R2), otherwise, if ( ($position = $this->searchIfInR2(array('iv'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); if ( ($position2 = $this->searchIfInR2(array('at'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position2); } // if preceded by eus, delete if in R2, else replace by eux if in R1, otherwise, } elseif ( ($position = $this->search(array('eus'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } elseif ($this->inR1($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(eus)$#u', 'eux', $this->word); } // if preceded by abl or iqU, delete if in R2, otherwise, } elseif ( ($position = $this->searchIfInR2(array('abl', 'iqU'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); // if preceded by ièr or Ièr, replace by i if in RV } elseif ( ($position = $this->searchIfInRv(array('ièr', 'Ièr'))) !== false) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(ièr|Ièr)$#u', 'i', $this->word); } return 3; } // ité ités // delete if in R2 // if preceded by abil, delete if in R2, else replace by abl, otherwise, // if preceded by ic, delete if in R2, else replace by iqU, otherwise, // if preceded by iv, delete if in R2 if ( ($position = $this->search(array('ités', 'ité'))) !== false) { // delete if in R2 if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } // if preceded by abil, delete if in R2, else replace by abl, otherwise, if ( ($position = $this->search(array('abil'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } else { $this->word = preg_replace('#(abil)$#u', 'abl', $this->word); } // if preceded by ic, delete if in R2, else replace by iqU, otherwise, } elseif ( ($position = $this->search(array('ic'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } else { $this->word = preg_replace('#(ic)$#u', 'iqU', $this->word); } // if preceded by iv, delete if in R2 } elseif ( ($position = $this->searchIfInR2(array('iv'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } return 3; } // if ive ifs ives // delete if in R2 // if preceded by at, delete if in R2 (and if further preceded by ic, delete if in R2, else replace by iqU) if ( ($position = $this->search(array('ifs', 'ives', 'if', 'ive'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } if ( ($position = $this->searchIfInR2(array('at'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); if ( ($position2 = $this->search(array('ic'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position2)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position2); } else { $this->word = preg_replace('#(ic)$#u', 'iqU', $this->word); } } } return 3; } // eaux // replace with eau if ( ($position = $this->search(array('eaux'))) !== false) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(eaux)$#u', 'eau', $this->word); return 3; } // aux // replace with al if in R1 if ( ($position = $this->search(array('aux'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR1($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(aux)$#u', 'al', $this->word); } return 3; } // euse euses // delete if in R2, else replace by eux if in R1 if ( ($position = $this->search(array('euses', 'euse'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } elseif ($this->inR1($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(euses|euse)$#u', 'eux', $this->word); //return 3; } return 3; } // amment // replace with ant if in RV if ( ($position = $this->search(array('amment'))) !== false) { if ($this->inRv($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(amment)$#u', 'ant', $this->word); } return 2; } // emment // replace with ent if in RV if ( ($position = $this->search(array('emment'))) !== false) { if ($this->inRv($position)) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(emment)$#u', 'ent', $this->word); } return 2; } // ment ments // delete if preceded by a vowel in RV if ( ($position = $this->search(array('ments', 'ment'))) != false) { $before = $position - 1; $letter = UTF8::substr($this->word, $before, 1); if ( $this->inRv($before) && (in_array($letter, self::$vowels)) ) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } return 2; } return 2; } /** * Step 2a: Verb suffixes beginning i * In steps 2a and 2b all tests are confined to the RV region. * Search for the longest among the following suffixes and if found, delete if preceded by a non-vowel. * îmes ît îtes i ie ies ir ira irai iraIent irais irait iras irent irez iriez * irions irons iront is issaIent issais issait issant issante issantes issants isse * issent isses issez issiez issions issons it * (Note that the non-vowel itself must also be in RV.) */ private function step2a() { if ( ($position = $this->searchIfInRv(array( 'îmes', 'îtes', 'ît', 'ies', 'ie', 'iraIent', 'irais', 'irait', 'irai', 'iras', 'ira', 'irent', 'irez', 'iriez', 'irions', 'irons', 'iront', 'ir', 'issaIent', 'issais', 'issait', 'issant', 'issantes', 'issante', 'issants', 'issent', 'isses', 'issez', 'isse', 'issiez', 'issions', 'issons', 'is', 'it', 'i'))) !== false) { $before = $position - 1; $letter = UTF8::substr($this->word, $before, 1); if ( $this->inRv($before) && (!in_array($letter, self::$vowels)) ) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); return true; } } return false; } /** * Do step 2b if step 2a was done, but failed to remove a suffix. * Step 2b: Other verb suffixes */ private function step2b() { // é ée ées és èrent er era erai eraIent erais erait eras erez eriez erions erons eront ez iez // delete if ( ($position = $this->searchIfInRv(array( 'ées', 'èrent', 'erais', 'erait', 'erai', 'eraIent', 'eras', 'erez', 'eriez', 'erions', 'erons', 'eront', 'era', 'er', 'iez', 'ez','és', 'ée', 'é'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); return true; } // âmes ât âtes a ai aIent ais ait ant ante antes ants as asse assent asses assiez assions // delete // if preceded by e, delete if ( ($position = $this->searchIfInRv(array( 'âmes', 'âtes', 'ât', 'aIent', 'ais', 'ait', 'antes', 'ante', 'ants', 'ant', 'assent', 'asses', 'assiez', 'assions', 'asse', 'as', 'ai', 'a'))) !== false) { $before = $position - 1; $letter = UTF8::substr($this->word, $before, 1); if ( $this->inRv($before) && ($letter == 'e') ) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $before); } else { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } return true; } // ions // delete if in R2 if ( ($position = $this->searchIfInRv(array('ions'))) !== false) { if ($this->inR2($position)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } return true; } return false; } /** * Step 3: Replace final Y with i or final ç with c */ private function step3() { $this->word = preg_replace('#(Y)$#u', 'i', $this->word); $this->word = preg_replace('#(ç)$#u', 'c', $this->word); } /** * Step 4: Residual suffix */ private function step4() { //If the word ends s, not preceded by a, i, o, u, è or s, delete it. if (preg_match('#[^aiouès]s$#', $this->word)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, -1); } // In the rest of step 4, all tests are confined to the RV region. // ion // delete if in R2 and preceded by s or t if ( (($position = $this->searchIfInRv(array('ion'))) !== false) && ($this->inR2($position)) ) { $before = $position - 1; $letter = UTF8::substr($this->word, $before, 1); if ( $this->inRv($before) && (($letter == 's') || ($letter == 't')) ) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, $position); } return true; } // ier ière Ier Ière // replace with i if ( ($this->searchIfInRv(array('ier', 'ière', 'Ier', 'Ière'))) !== false) { $this->word = preg_replace('#(ier|ière|Ier|Ière)$#u', 'i', $this->word); return true; } // e // delete if ( ($this->searchIfInRv(array('e'))) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, -1); return true; } // ë // if preceded by gu, delete if ( ($position = $this->searchIfInRv(array('guë'))) !== false) { if ($this->inRv($position+2)) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, -1); return true; } } return false; } /** * Step 5: Undouble * If the word ends enn, onn, ett, ell or eill, delete the last letter */ private function step5() { if ($this->search(array('enn', 'onn', 'ett', 'ell', 'eill')) !== false) { $this->word = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, -1); } } /** * Step 6: Un-accent * If the words ends é or è followed by at least one non-vowel, remove the accent from the e. */ private function step6() { $this->word = preg_replace('#(é|è)([^'.$this->plainVowels.']+)$#u', 'e$2', $this->word); } /** * And finally: * Turn any remaining I, U and Y letters in the word back into lower case. */ private function finish() { $this->word = UTF8::str_replace(array('I','U','Y'), array('i', 'u', 'y'), $this->word); } /** * If the word begins with two vowels, RV is the region after the third letter, * otherwise the region after the first vowel not at the beginning of the word, * or the end of the word if these positions cannot be found. * (Exceptionally, par, col or tap, at the begining of a word is also taken to define RV as the region to their right.) */ protected function rv() { $length = UTF8::strlen($this->word); $this->rv = ''; $this->rvIndex = $length; if ($length < 3) { return true; } // If the word begins with two vowels, RV is the region after the third letter $first = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, 1); $second = UTF8::substr($this->word, 1, 1); if ( (in_array($first, self::$vowels)) && (in_array($second, self::$vowels)) ) { $this->rv = UTF8::substr($this->word, 3); $this->rvIndex = 3; return true; } // (Exceptionally, par, col or tap, at the begining of a word is also taken to define RV as the region to their right.) $begin3 = UTF8::substr($this->word, 0, 3); if (in_array($begin3, array('par', 'col', 'tap'))) { $this->rv = UTF8::substr($this->word, 3); $this->rvIndex = 3; return true; } // otherwise the region after the first vowel not at the beginning of the word, for ($i=1; $i<$length; $i++) { $letter = UTF8::substr($this->word, $i, 1); if (in_array($letter, self::$vowels)) { $this->rv = UTF8::substr($this->word, ($i + 1)); $this->rvIndex = $i + 1; return true; } } return false; } }